”?uoy erA .ni ma I“
:ronoD gnahC reteP
:etaD 9002 ,01 rebmeceD
:tnuomA 00.53 DSU
woN etanoD
[ediH]
[wohS]
aidepikiW reveroF .erusaert derahs ruO .egdelwonk derahs ruO .ti tcetorp su pleH
[wohS]
aidepikiW reveroF .erusaert derahs ruO .egdelwonk derahs ruO .ti tcetorp su pleH

emorhC elgooG

aidepolcycne eerf eht ,aidepikiW morF

:ot pmuJnoitagivan ,hcraes
ees ,metsys gnitarepo eht roF .resworb bew eht tuoba si elcitra sihTSO emorhC elgooG.
emorhC elgooG
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gniyalpsid 0.3 emorhC elgooGaidepikiW no 7 swodniW
)s(repoleveD elgooG.cnI
esaeler laitinI 8002 ,2 rebmetpeS( 20-90-8002)
esaeler elbatS )emarf emorhc( 1.542.0.4 ,)resworb( 83.591.0.3  (41-21-9002oga sruoh 62 ;) [−/+]
esaeler weiverP )lennahc veD xuniL & swodniW( 0.662.0.4 ,)ateB xuniL & ,caM ,swodniW( 03.942.0.4  (11-21-9002oga syad 4 ;) [−/+]
ni nettirW ++C ,ylbmessA
metsys gnitarepO swodniW( 2PS PX)retal dna
X SO caM)retal dna 5.01(
xuniL
enignE tiKbeW no desaB( LMTHK)
eziS 5.01BM)swodniW(
ni elbaliavA segaugnal 05
sutats tnempoleveD evitcA
epyT resworb beW
esneciL ecivreS fo smreT emorhC elgooG,)elbatucexe emorhC elgooG(
DSB)elbatucexe muimorhC dna edoc ecruos(
etisbeW emorhc/moc.elgoog.www /muimorhc/moc.elgoog.edoc /gro.muimorhc.ved

emorhC elgooG a si resworb bew yb desaeler elgooG eht sesu hcihw tiKbeW enigne tuoyal dna krowemarf noitacilppa a sa desaeler tsrif saw tI .noisrev ateb rof swodniW tfosorciM eht morf devired si eman ehT .8002 rebmeceD 11 no saw esaeler elbats cilbup eht dna ,8002 rebmetpeS 2 no ecafretni resu lacihparg9002 rebmeceD 1 fo sA .sresworb bew fo ,"emorhc" ro ,emarf ( 10-21- 9002) ediwdlrow fo %9.3 htiw ,resworb desu ylediw tsom htruof eht saw emorhC ,sresworb bew fo erahs egasu.[1] rof emorhC fo snoisrev ateB xuniL ,X SO caM9002 rebmeceD 8 no desaeler erew snoisnetxe emorhC dna [2][3].

sti gnidulcni ,emorhC fo edoc ecruos eritne eht desaeler elgooG ,8002 rebmetpeS nIenigne tpircSavaJ 8V na sa ,ecruos nepo deltitne tcejorp muimorhC.[4][5].snoitacilppa bew pleh ot 8V tpoda dluow sresworb rehto taht epoh desserpxe osla nosrepsekops elgooG A .xuniL dna X SO caM ot resworb eht trop pleh dna edoc ecruos gniylrednu eht yduts ot srepoleved ytrap-driht delbane evom sihT [6] evissimrep eht rednu desaeler si muimorhC fo noitrop derohtua-elgooG ehT esnecil DSB,[7].smargorp erawtfos yrateirporp dna ecruos nepo htob otni detaroprocni eb ot snoitrop swolla hcihw [8].sesnecil ecruos-nepo fo yteirav a ot tcejbus era edoc ecruos eht fo snoitrop rehtO [9].ogol tnereffid ylthgils a sah ti dna ,setadpu citamotua dna gnidnarb elgooG tuohtiw tub ,emorhC sa tes erutaef emas eht stnemelpmi muimorhC [01]

stnetnoC

[edih]

[tide] yrotsiH

[tide] tnemecnuonnA

yb cimoc a dna ,8002 rebmetpeS 3 rof deludehcs yllanigiro saw tnemecnuonna esaeler ehTduolCcM ttocS.resworb wen eht rof snoitavitom dna fo serutaef eht gninialpxe sreggolb dna stsilanruoj ot tnes eb ot saw [11] rof dednetni seipoC eporuE dna ylrae deppihs erew namreG fo nessneL ppilihP reggolb depocsogolB elgooG[21].8002 rebmetpeS 1 no ti gniviecer retfa etisbew sih no elbaliava cimoc egap-83 eht fo ypoc dennacs a edam [31] no elbaliava cimoc eht edam yltneuqesbus elgooG skooB elgooG[41].esaeler ylrae eht rof noitanalpxe na htiw gnola golb laiciffo rieht no ti denoitnem dna [51]

[tide] esaeler cilbuP

egap emoh tluafed eht gniwohs ,xuniL rof muimorhC fo noisrev ahpla nA

.noisrev ateb a yllaiciffo ,segaugnal 34 ni 8002 rebmetpeS 2 no )ylno retal dna PX( swodniW tfosorciM rof desaeler ylcilbup tsrif saw resworb ehT[61].tnempoleved rednu gnieb llits snoisrev xuniL dna X SO caM etipsed erahs tekram %1 tuoba deniag ylkciuq emorhC [51][71][81][91].dlohserht %1 eht dessap niaga emorhC ,8002 rebmeceD yb litnu niaga gnisir detrats neht tI .8002 rebotcO ni %96.0 fo wol a tih ti litnu deppord erahs egasu ,egrus laitini eht retfA [02]

.ikiw repoleved s'tcejorp muimorhC eht ni decalp saw xuniL no dliub ot elbaliava si "llehs tset" a taht gniyas egassem a ,8002 etal nI[12].)tpircSavaJ gnidulcni( setis bew gniredner ni llew etiuq noitcnuf ot deraeppa tub ,serutaef ynam dekcal yltnerappa hcihw ,llehs siht deirt emoS [22][32] ,9002 yraunaJ ylrae nI TENC.raey eht fo flah tsrif eht ni xuniL dna X SO caM rof snoisrev esaeler ot dennalp elgooG taht detroper [42].etelpmoc morf raf yrev llits saw tub ,esaeler swodniW eht ot ralimis dekool hcihw ,resworb muimorhC eht fo noisrev ahpla-erp a dliub ot elbissop saw ti ,9002 hcraM yB [52]

sweiverp repoleved xuniL dna X SO caM emorhC laiciffo tsrif ehT[62]tsop golb a htiw 9002 enuJ 4 no decnuonna erew [72]".shtnom fo elpuoc a ni" desaeler eb dluow caM rof emorhC taht detats tdimhcS cirE OEC elgooG ,9002 rebotcO 9 nO .esu lareneg naht rehtar kcabdeef ylrae rof dednetni erew dna serutaef ynam gnissim erew yeht gniyas [82].snoisnetxe dna ,cnyS kramkooB ,troppus tib-46 ,reganam kramkoob a ,edoM ppA sa serutaef hcus gnikcal ,9002 fo dne eht yb elbaliava eb dluow ateb X SO caM eht taht detroper saw ti ,9002 rebmevoN 03 nO [92].9002 rebmeceD 8 no desaeler erew xuniL dna X SO caM rof sateb laiciffO [03]

[tide] tnempoleveD

sa hcus seitrap driht dna elgooG morf seirarbil edoc tnereffid 52 morf delbmessa saw emorhCepacsteN.[13] ehT tpircSavaJ enihcam lautriv saw sa( ffo tilps eb ot tcejorp tnatropmi yltneiciffus a deredisnoc saw ebodA/allizoM s'niramaT ni maet etarapes a yb deldnah dna )kramneD yb detanidrooc kaB sraL ta suhraA tub ",tnatropmi taht t'nerew metsys eht fo ytivitcaretni dna ecnamrofrep eht erehw ,smargorp llams rof" dengised erew snoitatnemelpmi gnitsixe ,elgooG ot gnidroccA .snoitacilppa bew sa hcus liamG ot semoc ti nehw tselluf eht ot resworb bew eht gnisu era" MOD dna snoitalupinam tpircsavaJ.retsaf krow dluoc taht enigne tpircSavaJ a morf tifeneb yltnacifingis dluow erofereht dna ,"

eht sesu emorhCtiKbeW eht morf ecivda no ,segap bew yalpsid ot enigne gniredner diordnA.maet [41] htiw esaeler erofeb yllanretni detset ylevisnetxe saw emorhC ,sresworb tsom ekiL gnitset tinu dna "snoitca resu detpircs fo gnitset ecafretni resu detamotua" ,gnitset zzuf.setunim 03–02 nihtiw xedni elgooG eht fo edisni setisbew dessecca ylnommoc fo sdnasuoht fo snet tsniaga detset yllacitamotua era sdliub resworb weN .)dessap evah ot demialc si emorhC hcihw fo %99( stset tuoyal s'tiKbeW sa llew sa ,[41]

sedulcni emorhCsraeG rof serutaef sdda hcihw ,srepoleved bew.)troppus enilffo gnidulcni( snoitacilppa bew fo gnidliub eht ot gnitaler yllacipyt [41]

eht fo stluser ehT 3dicA0.3 emorhC elgooG no tset

eht dessap emorhC elgooG fo esaeler tsrif ehT1dicA dna 2dicA ton tub ,stset 3dicA fo snoisrev yraropmetnoc naht rehgih ,stsetbus 001 eht fo tuo 97 derocs ti 3dicA nO .7 rerolpxE tenretnI ,)001/41( 3 xoferiF dna ,)001/17( 3 irafaS naht rewol tub ;)001/57( 9 arepO.)001/38( [23],)001/001( 4 irafaS dna ,)001/001( arepO ,)001/58( 1 ateB 1.3 xoferiF naht rewol derocs emorhC ,irafaS dna ,arepO ,rerolpxE tenretnI ,xoferiF fo sdliub tnempoleved yraropmetnoc htiw derapmoc nehW [23].)001/12( rerolpxE tenretnI naht rehgih llits tub [33].)tset knil eht deliaf llits tub( stsetbus 001 lla dessap emorhC elgooG fo 0.2 noisrev ,revewoH [dedeen noitatic].devloser eb nac meht gnidnuorrus snrecnoc ytiruces litnu delbasid era stnof elbadaolnwod esuaceb renroc thgir reppu eht ni 'X' a swohs tub 001/001 serocs )0.3( noisrev elbats tnerruc ehT [43].stnof elbadaolnwod dna tset knil eht gnidulcni ,tset 3 dicA eht fo stcepsa lla ssap rehgih dna 4.942.0.4 noisrev htiw gnitrats emorhC elgooG fo sdliub tnempoleveD [53]

a rof snalp decnuonna elgooG ,9002 yluJ 7 nOSO emorhC elgooG dna resworb emorhC eht no desab xuniL.[63]

devorpmi na ,llifotua mrof dedulcni serutaef weN .ytilibats dna deeps desaercni gnitic ,9002 yaM 12 no 0.2 emorhC desaeler elgooGegaP baT weN.edom neercs lluf dna ,[73]

,tnemevorpmi deeps %52 a ti htiw gnignirb ,9002 rebmetpeS 51 no desaeler saw 0.3 noisreV5LMTH sa hcus( seitilibapac >oediv< dna >oidua< rof troppus evitan htiw stnemele ggO aroehT ,oediv sibroV ggO ,oidua 462.H ,oediv CAA dna 3PM devorpmi na ,)oidua xobinmO dengiseder a dna ,troppus emeht ,egaP baT weN.[83][93][04][14][24]

[tide] yrotsih esaeleR

roloC gninaeM
deR esaeler dlO
neerG esaeler elbats tnerruC
elpruP esaeler tset tnerruC
noisrev rojaM etad esaeleR tiKbeW[34]/
8V[44]noisrev enigne		 troppus metsys gnitarepO segnahc tnacifingiS
2.0 80-90-8002 225
3.0 		swodniW esaeler tsriF
3.0 92-01-8002 225
3.0 		.setadpu tnemeganam wodniw dna baT .ytilibailer dna ecnamrofrep yxorp bew devorpmI .sdleif tupni rof gnikcehc llepS .ytilibailer dna ecnamrofrep nigulp devorpmI
4.0 42-11-8002 525
3.0 		.sexif ytiruceS .noitacifiton pupop dekcolb weN .snoitpo noitacilppa eht ot dedda noitces ycavirP .troppus tropxe dna tropmi htiw reganam kramkooB
0.1 11-21-8002 825
3.0 		esaeler elbats tsriF
0.2 42-50-9002 035
4.0 		.troppus yeknomesaerG cisaB .segde potksed dna resworb ot gnikcod baT .eltit yb skramkoob troS .llifotua mroF .mooz egap-lluF .edom neercs-lluF .troppus leehw esuoM .kramhcneb redipsnuS eht no tpircsavaJ retsaf %53
591.0.3 21-01-9002 235
2.1 		.troppus gat oidua dna oediv 5 LMTH .tpircsavaJ retsaf %52 .noitazimotsuc devorpmi rof egap "bat wen" weN
942.0.4 32-11-9002 235
3.1 		swodniW
caM
xuniL 		.troppus egarotSMOD .tset 3dicA ssap yletelpmoC .troppus noisnetxe dna cnys kramkooB

[tide] serutaeF

,ecafretni resu citsilaminim s'emorhC ni sreep sti morf secnereffid evisnetxe era erehT .ytilibats dna ,deeps ,ytiruces evorpmi ot smia emorhC elgooG[41].sresworb bew nredom fo lacipyta si hcihw [54] dna ecnamrofrep noitacilppa sti si htgnerts s'emorhC tpircSavaJ.emit sti fo sresworb rojam eht gnoma tsetfiws eht eb ot setisbew elpitlum yb deifirev yltnednepedni erew hcihw fo htob ,deeps gnissecorp [64][74].meht esaeler ylcilbup dna tnemelpmi ot tsrif eht saw elgooG tub ,srepoleved resworb rehto yb decnuonna ylsuoiverp neeb dah serutaef euqinu s'emorhC fo ynaM [84] tnenimorp tsom sti ,elpmaxe roF ecafretni resu lacihparg eht fo gnigrem eht ,noitavonni )IUG( rab sserdda eht( rab hcraes dna xobinmO yb decnuonna tsrif saw )allizoM rof erutaef dennalp a sa 8002 yaM ni xoferiF.[94]

[tide] ytiruceS

0.3 emorhC elgooG ni edom otingocnI

owt fo setadpu sdaolnwod yllacidoirep emorhCstsilkcalb rof eno( gnihsihp rof eno dna erawlam cilbup eerf a aiv srehto yb esu rof elbaliava edam osla si ecivres sihT .etis lufmrah a tisiv ot tpmetta yeht nehw sresu snraw dna ,)IPA.erawtfos lufmrah eht fo ecneserp eht fo erawa eb ton yam ohw setis detsil fo srenwo eht seifiton elgooG ."IPA gnisworB efaS elgooG" dellac [41]

hcae etacolla yllacipyt lliw emorhCbat ot tif nwo sti otni ssecorp.xelpmoc erom si ledom noitacolla ssecorp lautca eht revewoh ,"rehtona ni sneppah tahw tceffa ot bat eno ni sneppah tahw gnisu" ro "flesti gnillatsni morf erawlam tneverp" ot [05] eht gniwolloF egelivirp tsael fo elpicnirp no rerolpxE tenretnI yb desu "edoM detcetorP" eht ot ralimis si siht—)potksed ,stnemucod .g.e( saera evitisnes morf daer ro selif etirw tonnac tub ,etupmoc nac dna sthgir sti fo deppirts si ssecorp hcae ,atsiV swodniW dna 7 swodniW ehT .maeT xobdnaS a otni ti edam dna yradnuob ssecorp gnitsixe siht nekat" evah ot dias si liaj;"[15].desolc si bat eht nehw detanimret eb lliw ti dna "pu-trats no elbatucexe na nur" ot swodniW llet ro ,stupni esuom htiw tcaretni ,bat rehtona ni deretne srebmun drac tiderc ffins ot elbanu eb ot desoppus si bat eno ni gninnur erawtfos suoicilam ,elpmaxe rof [41] elpmis a secrofne sihT ledom ytiruces retupmoc fo slevel owt era ereht yberehw ytiruces levelitlum( resu dna xobdnas eht dna )xobdnas eht yb detaitini stseuqer noitacinummoc ot dnopser ylno nac resu.[25]

,yllacipyTsnigulp sa hcus reyalP hsalF ebodA siht nihtiw etarepo ot deifidom eb ot deen lliw snigulP .sessecorp bat-rep detacided ni "segelivirp wol yrev" ta gnitarepo flesti ,reredner eht htiw etacinummoc taht sessecorp etarapes ni nur era snigulp ,kcatta ot erusopxe ecuder oT .flesti resworb eht fo level ytiruces eht ,evoba ro ,ta nur ot deen netfo esehT .eb nac sbat sa dexobdnas eb tonnac ,hcus sa dna dezidradnats ton era erutcetihcra erawtfos eht gniwollof elihw egelivirp tsael fo elpicnirp.[41] eht stroppus emorhC ecafretnI gnimmargorP noitacilppA nigulP epacsteN,)IPAPN( [35][45] fo gniddebme eht troppus ton seod tub XevitcA.slortnoc [45] stelppa avaJ.evoba dna 21 etadpu 6 avaJ htiw emorhC ni elbaliava si troppus [55]

Agnisworb etavirp dellac erutaef otingocnI ro noitamrofni yrotsih yna gnirots morf resworb eht stneverp taht dedivorp si edom seikooc ni elbaliava erutaef gnisworb etavirp eht ot ralimis si edom otingocnI .detisiv setisbew eht morf elppA s'irafaS ,5.3 xoferiF allizoM dna ,8 rerolpxE tenretnI.[65]

Aecivres-fo-lained.resworb bew elohw eht hsarc ot egap bew suoicilam a dewolla taht dnuof saw ytilibarenluv [75][85].esaeler 92.941.2.0 eht ni dexif saw ti dna ,walf eht demrifnoc srepoleved emorhC elgooG [95].metsys s'mitciv a no edoc elitsoh etucexe dna resworb eht hsarc ot etis bew desimorpmoc ro suoicilam a wolla dluow taht 33.271.0.2 ot roirp snoisrev ni ytilibarenluv a gnidulcni ,emorhC ni derevocsid neeb evah seussi ytiruces rehtO [06]

[tide] deepS

ehTtpircSavaJ enihcam lautriv eht ,emorhC yb desu enigne tpircSavaJ 8V sa hcus serutaef sah ,noitareneg edoc cimanyd ,snoitisnart ssalc neddih dna noitcelloc egabrag esicerp.[41] sa tsaf sa eciwt tuoba saw 8V taht dewohs 8002 rebmetpeS ni elgooG yb stseT 0.3 xoferiF.seilthgin tiKbeW eht dna

eht gnisu stset kramhcneb demrofrep setisbew lareveSkramhcneB tpircSavaJ redipSnuS edulcni hcihw ,skramhcneb esnetni yllanoitatupmoc fo tes nwo s'elgooG sa llew sa loot gnicart yar dna gnivlos tniartsnoc.[16] gnidulcni ,detset neeb dah ti hcihw tsniaga srotitepmoc lla naht retsaf hcum demrofrep emorhC taht detroper ylsuominanu yehT irafaS ,0.3 xoferiF ,7 rerolpxE tenretnI ,arepO dna ,8 rerolpxE tenretnI.[26][36][46][56][66][76]

nwo rieht taht gnitats yb dednopser allizoM ,8002 ,3 rebmetpeS nOyeknoMecarT.stset emos ni enigne 8V s'emorhC naht retsaf saw ,)ateb ni neht( enigne tpircSavaJ [86][96][07] giseR nhoJ no ylroop demrofrep 0.3 xoferiF taht detats eH .smargorp laer fo evitatneserper saw etius s'elgooG rehtehw denoitseuq eh tub ,sresworb rehto "gnitamiced" emorhC gnidnif ,etius nwo s'elgooG no sresworb tnereffid fo ecnamrofrep eht no detnemmoc rehtruf ,tsilegnave tpircSavaJ s'allizoM ,noisrucer.tey gnicart-noisrucer detnemelpmi ton dah maet allizoM eht esuaceb ,elgooG fo esoht sa hcus ,skramhcneb evisnetni [17]

,enigne tpircSavaJ wen a decnuonna maet tiKbeW eht hcnual s'emorhC retfa skeew owTemertxE hsiFlerriuqS,[27].enigne 8V s'emorhC revo tnemevorpmi deeps %63 a gnitic [37][47][57]

sesu osla emorhCSND.spukool etisbew pu deeps ot gnihcteferp [67].5.3 xoferiF ni tluafed yb delbane dna ni-tliub si dna ,noisnetxe na sa rerolpxE tenretnI ni elbaliava si erutaef sihT

[tide] ytilibatS

ehTsraeG,emorhC ni erutcetihcra ssecorp-itlum a detnemelpmi maet [77] ot ralimis )EICL( rerolpxE tenretnI delpuoC ylesooL yb detnemelpmi 8 rerolpxE tenretnI.[87] sa ot derrefer erudecorp a ,nigulp dna ecnatsni etis hcae ot detacolla si ssecorp etarapes a ,tluafed yB noitalosi ssecorp.[97]srehto ot ssecca niag tonnac noitacilppa eno ot ssecca gniniag yllufsseccus rekcatta nA .ytilibats dna ytiruces gnisaercni ,rehto hcae htiw gnirefretni morf sksat stneverp sihT [dedeen noitatic] a ni stluser ecnatsni eno ni eruliaf dna ,baT daS htaed fo neercs nwonk-llew eht ot ralimis ,caM daS.snoitacolla yromem rehtruf seriuqer regnol on dna ecnatsni hcae ot denifnoc si noitatnemgarf sa llarevo taolb yromem ssel ni stluser tub ,tnorf pu tsoc ssecorp-rep dexif a stcaxe ygetarts sihT .noitacilppa elohw eht fo daetsni sehsarc bat elgnis a ylno tpecxe ,[08]

a sedulcni emorhCtnemeganam ssecorp dellac ytilitu reganaM ksaT tsom eht gnisu era setis tahw ees" ot resu eht swolla hcihw yromem ,gnidaolnwod tsom eht setyb ]rieht[ gnisuba dna UPC.meht etanimret dna )sessecorp etarapes ni nur hcihw snigulp eht sa llew sa( "[41]

[tide] ecafretni resU

niam eht ,tluafed yBecafretni resu.egap emoh motsuc a ro egaP baT weN eht ot resu eht ekat ot snoitpo hguorht derugifnoc eb nac nottub emoh ehT .snottub lecnac dna ,og ,kramkoob ,emoh ,hserfer ,drawrof ,kcab sedulcni

sbaT no desab era hcihw sresworb debbat gnitsixe ynam htiw stsartnoc egnahc eltbus sihT .slortnoc eht woleb naht rehtar wodniw eht fo pot eht ot devom neeb evah ,hcus sa dna ecafretni resu s'emorhC fo tnenopmoc yramirp eht era swodniw niatnoc dna sbat eht gnidulcni ,slortnoc fo tes nwo sti sah bat hcaE .gniggard yb sreniatnoc wodniw neewteb ylsselmaes derrefsnart eb nac )etats rieht gnidulcni( sbaT .xobinmO.[41]

ehTxobinmO eht si xob LRU sserp uoy tel lliw emorhC ,morf dehcraes ylsuoiverp evah uoy etis a fo LRU eht retne uoy fI .xob hcraes dna rab sserddA eht htob fo ytilanoitcnuf eht senibmoc hcihw ,bat hcae fo pot eht ta baT yb derewop - erofeb detisiv ylirassecen ton( setisbew ralupop ,)txet egap-ni ro LRU eht no desab( setis detisiv ylsuoiverp rof snoitseggus sedivorp emorhC ,xobinmO eht ni gnipyt trats uoy nehW .xobinmO eht morf yltcerid niaga etis eht hcraes ot tsegguS elgooG osla lliw emorhC .sehcraes ralupop dna ,)etelpmocotua.netfo tisiv uoy setis fo sLRU eht [41].enigne hcraes tluafed ruoy gnisu hcraes eht tcudnoc lliw emorhC ,retne sserp dna xobinmO eht otni sdrowyek lareves epyt uoy fI

.rab eltit eht fo pot eht htiw hsulf era sbat eht ,dezimixam si emorhC nehW

.emorhc resworb eht sa llew sa ecafretni s'metsys gnitarepo eht sedih taht edom neercs-lluf a sah ti ,sresworb rehto ekiL .rabeltit eht fo pot eht htiw hsulf emoceb sbat eht ,dezimixam nehW .rab eltit eht rednu yltcerid sraeppa rab bat eht ,dezimixam ton si emorhC elgooG nehW

eht si serutaef gnitaitnereffid s'emorhC fo enOegaP baT weN resworb eht ecalper nac hcihw ,egap emoh ot ralimis ;sbat desolc yltnecer dna ,skramkoob tnecer ,sehcraes tneuqerf htiw gnola ,setis bew detisiv tsom enin eht fo slianbmuht dewohs siht ,yllanigirO .detaerc si bat wen a nehw deyalpsid si dna rerolpxE tenretnI dna xoferiF htiw 6 rablooT elgooG ro ,s'arepO.laiD deepS [41].raeppa ot tnaw t'ndid yeht slianbmuht edih ot sresu wolla ot detadpu saw egaP baT weN eht ,0.2 emorhC elgooG nI [73]

0.3 emorhC elgooG ni egap baT weN ehT

.resworb eht gnisu rof skcirt dna stnih syalpsid taht noitces "spit" a dna sbat desolc yltnecer swohs taht rab "desolc yltneceR" a serutaef osla tI .slianbmuht fo daetsni deyalpsid eb dluoc sknil txet fo tsil a ,ylevitanretlA .devomer dna ,dennip ,degnarraer eb dluoc slianbmuht ehT .setis bew detisiv tsom 8 eht fo slianbmuht yalpsid ot depmaver saw egaP baT weN eht ,0.3 noisrev ni gnitratS[18]

eht gniddA .unem a morf dessecca eb nac taht reganam kramkoob a sedulcni emorhCenil-dnammoc :noitpo unem-kramkoob--.rab skramkoob eht fo ecalp ni desu eb nac taht xobinmO eht fo thgir eht ot nottub skramkoob a sdda [28]

pupoP.tuo meht sgard ylticilpxe resu eht sselnu bat eht edistuo raeppa ton lliw dna "morf emac yeht bat eht ot depocs era" swodniw [41]

sgnittes tluafed htiw 0.3 emorhC elgooG ni wodniw snoitpo ehT

:sbat eerht sah wodniw snoitpo s'emorhC elgooGcisaB ,ffutS lanosreP dna ,dooH eht rednU ehT .cisaB ehT .resworb tluafed dna ,enigne hcraes ,egap emoh eht rof snoitpo sedulcni bat ffutS lanosreP ehT .semeht dna ,atad gnisworb ,llifotua mrof ,sdrowssap devas erugifnoc uoy stel bat dooH eht rednU.sgnittes ytiruces dna ,daolnwod ,ycavirp ,krowten egnahc ot uoy swolla bat

potksed lacol ekam ot sresu swolla emorhCstuctrohs nepo taht snoitacilppa bew lacol edisgnola nur ot snoitacilppa bew swolla sihT ".od ot gniyrt si resu eht gnihtyna tpurretni" ot ton sa os ,rab eltit eht rof tpecxe ecafretni raluger eht fo enon sniatnoc ,yaw siht ni denepo nehw ,resworb ehT .resworb eht ni erawtfos ot ralimis( msirP allizoM dna diulF.)[41]

.egap tnaveler eht fo tfel mottob eht ta pu spop taht elbbub sutats a aiv noitamrofni revo-revoh dna ytivitca gnidaol syalpsid tub ,rab sutats a evah ton seod emorhC

roFsrepoleved bew ni eno eht ot ralimis rotcepsni tnemele na serutaef emorhC ,guberiF.[67]

s'elgooG fo trap sAsekoj yaD 'slooF lirpA ni segap redner ot elba gnieb fo erutaef lanoitidda eht htiw 9002 lirpA 1 no desaeler saw emorhC fo dliub laiceps a ,D3 hpylgana.[38]

[tide] snoisnetxE

na taht detats yeht ,8002 ,rebmetpeS ni emorhC dehcnual elgooG nehWecafretni gnimmargorp noitacilppa.dennalp saw [48].nugeb dah metsys noisnetxe na fo tnempoleved taht decnuonna yeht ,8002 rebmeceD 1 nO [58].O/I elgooG ta ,9002 yaM ni decnuonna erew sliateD [68]

.gnitset rof snoisnetxe elpmas lareves dedivorp dna ,lennahc veD s'emorhC no tluafed yb snoisnetxe delbane elgooG ,9002 rebmetpeS 9 nO[78].noos hcnual ateb cilbup a gnisimorp ,snoissimbus repoleved ot yrellag noisnetxe s'emorhC denepo elgooG ,9002 rebmevoN 32 nO [88].snoisnetxe 003 revo gniniatnoc ,9002 rebmeceD 8 no dehcnual yllaiciffo saw ateb yrellag noisnetxe ehT [98]

[tide] semehT

.resworb eht fo ecnaraeppa eht retla ot semeht llatsni nac sresu ,0.3 emorhC elgooG htiw gnitratS[09],yrellag enilno na ni dedivorp era semeht ytrap-driht eerf ynaM [19].snoitpo s'emorhC ni nottub "semeht teG" a hguorht elbissecca [29]

[tide] gnikcart egasU

ot egasu sti tuoba sliated sdnes emorhCelgooG.smsinahcem gnikcart resu lanoitpo-non dna lanoitpo htob hguorht [39]

sdohtem gnikcarT
dohteM[49] tnes noitamrofnI nehW ?lanoitpO
reifitnedi ZLR[59] .dellatsni saw emorhC nehw sa hcus noitamrofni gniyfitnedi-non sniatnoc ,elgooG ot gnidrocca ,gnirts dedocnE[69][79]
  • sruoh 42 yrevE
  • yreuq hcraes elgooG nO
  • "rucco stneve tnacifingis" nehW
 oN
DItneilc[89] ecivres scitsitats rof desu reifitnedI euqinU nwonknU seY
tsegguS[89] eht otni depyt txeTrab sserdda depyt gnieb elihW seY
dnuof ton egaP rab sserdda eht otni depyt txeT esnopser "dnuof ton revreS" gniviecer nopU seY
rekcart guB seruliaf dna sehsarc tuoba sliateD nwonknU seY

ecafretni noitallatsni eht hguorht delbasid dna delbane yllanoitpo eb nac smsinahcem gnikcart eht fo emoS[dedeen noitatic].golaid snoitpo s'resworb eht hguorht dna [89] A eraweerf.evird drah eht no DItneilc eht esare ot edam neeb sah emorhCnU dellac margorp [99] sa hcus ,sdliub laiciffonU norI eraWRS.rehtegotla resworb eht morf serutaef eseht evomer ot kees ,[49].rehtie resworb muimorhC eht ni dedulcni ton si erutaef ZLR ehT [79]

[tide] setadpu dna slennahc esaeleR

.semit ta elbatsnu yrev eb nac dna )liaf semitemos dna( detset teg saedi erehw si lennahc repoleveD ehT .lennahc repoleveD eht morf serutaef etelpmoc dna elbats htiw ylhtnom ylhguor detadpu eb lliw lennahc ateB eht dna ,lennahc ateB eht ni detset ylhguoroht neeb evah yeht ecno sexif dna serutaef htiw detadpu eb lliw lennahc elbats ehT .doirep ateB s'emorhC elgooG gnirud gnitteg erew sresu lennahc repoleveD taht esoht naht dehsilop dna elbats ssel era sdliub lennahc repoleveD eht taht si elgooG yb nevig nosaer ehT .lennahc ateB eht ot devom erew sresu lennahc repoleveD suoiverp llA .weiverp repoleveD dna ateB :slennahc owt ylno erew ereht egnahc siht erofeB .)lennahc "veD" eht dellac( weiverp repoleveD dna ,ateB ,elbatS :slennahc tcnitsid eerht htiw metsys esaeler wen a decudortni elgooG 9002 yraunaJ 8 nO[001][101]

sesu ti ,swodniW nO .mroftalp yb reffid sliated ehT .etad ot pu flesti speek yllacitamotua emorhCretadpU elgooG aiv dellortnoc eb nac etadpuotua dna ,yciloP puorG,[201] a daolnwod nac uoy ro enoladnats.etadpuotua ton seod taht noisrev [301][401].metsys "stluafed" X SO caM eht aiv dellortnoc eb nac etadpuotua dna ,ecivreS etadpU elgooG sesu ti ,caM nO [501] lamron s'metsys eht stel ti ,xuniL nO metsys tnemeganam egakcap.setadpu eht od

.swalf ytiruces derevocsid ylwen fo ytilibarenluv fo wodniw eht gnicuder ybereht ,ylkciuq sresu ot emorhC fo snoisrev wen hsup ot elgooG wolla dna sexif ytiruces ronim ot detius llew era setadpu ynit esehT .ot detadpu yllacitamotua eb ot tuoba s'taht noisrev wen eht ot noitaler ni noisrev tnerruc s'resu eht fo ecnereffid yranib eht edivorp ot mhtirogla ettegruoC sti sesu elgooG[601]

[tide] noitpeceR

hpargeleT yliaD ehT'".lavir tfosorciM sti ot taerht a eb—tey—ton yam tub ,serutaef wen evisserpmi emos sah dna tsaf ,evitcartta si emorhC elgooG" :sreweiver ylrae fo tcidrev eht sezirammus erooM wehttaM s[701]

ecarbme lliw elpoep tsom taht detciderp" dna "emorhC morf taerht eht nwod deyalp" yldetroper tfosorciM8 rerolpxE tenretnI ".erawtfoS arepO".dlrow eht ni mroftalp noitacilppa tseggib eht sa beW eht nehtgnerts lliw emorhC" taht dias [801] tceffa ton dluohs ti taht eromrehtruf dna ,"xoferiF htiw gnitepmoc ta demia ton si emorhC" taht ,"esirprus laer on" sa semoc tekram resworb bew eht otni noitcudortni s'emorhC taht dias allizoM allizoM htiw pihsnoitaler eunever s'elgooG.[901][011]

" dellac-os dna potksed neewteb pag eht segdirb ngised s'emorhCgnitupmoc duolc ,potksed a ekam uoy stel emorhC ,nottub a fo hcuot eht tA ".unem tratS ro ,hcnuaL kciuQ ro egap beW yna ot tuctrohs noitacilppa beW rof tuctrohs potksed a detaerc I ,elpmaxe roF .CP ruoy edisni s'tahw dna enilno s'tahw neewteb enil eht gnirrulb ,spaM elgooG eht fo lla yawa spirts emorhC ,noitacilppa beW a rof tuctrohs a etaerc uoy nehW .srabloot a ekil erom hcum sleef taht gnihtemos htiw uoy gnivael ,wodniw eht morf sbat dna noitacilppa potksed.egap ro noitacilppa beW a ekil naht
—dlroW CP[111]

eht ,ateb ni llits saw emorhC nehw ,8002 rebmetpeS 9 nOytiruceS noitamrofnI rof eciffO laredeF namreG.bew eht no ytiruces gnivorpmi ot noitubirtnoc lacinhcet s'resworb eht esiarp ,revewoh ,did yehT .erawtfos desaeler-erp fo esu eht gnidrager snoitcurtsni etairporppa edivorp dluohs srerutcafunam resworb dna "snoitacilppa esu lareneg rof deyolpme eb ton dluohs snoisrev ateb" esuaceb ,egap bew namreG s'elgooG no sknil daolnwod tnenimorp eht revo nrecnoc a gnisserpxe ,emorhC fo noitanimaxe tsrif rieht tuoba tnemetats a deussi )ISB( [211]

.snoitacilbup lareves ni deton neeb evah gnikcart dna noitcelloc egasu lanoitpo s'emorhC tuoba nrecnoC[311][411] a ,8002 rebmetpeS 2 nO TENCmeti swen [511].ecivres fo smret elgooG lareneg eht morf detirehni saw noitseuq ni egassap ehT .resworb emorhC eht aiv derrefsnart tnetnoc lla ot esnecil a elgooG ot tnarg ot demees hcihw ,esaeler ateb laitini eht rof ecivres fo smret eht ni egassap a ot noitnetta werd [611].ecivreS fo smreT eht morf noitseuq ni egassap eht devomer dna ,stcudorp rehto morf deworrob saw desu egaugnal eht taht gnitats yb msicitirc siht ot dednopser elgooG ,yad emas eht nO [711]".emorhC elgooG dedaolnwod evah ohw sresu lla ot ylevitcaorter ylppa" dluow egnahc siht taht deton elgooG [811].dellatsni si resworb eht nehw "elgooG ot stroper hsarc dna scitsitats egasu gnidnes yllacitamotua yb retteb emorhC elgooG ekam pleh" noitpo eht gnikcehc yb ni tpo sresu nehw tnes ylno era scirtem egasu taht detats ynapmoc ehT .elgooG ot kcab setacinummoc margorp eht noitamrofni tahw dna rehtehw tuoba noisufnoc dna nrecnoc tneuqesbus saw erehT [911]

[tide] swodniW htiw seussi gnireenigne-esreveR

,edoc ecruos s'emorhC fo esaeler eht retfa syad wef a ,8002 rebmetpeS 11 nOnamlesnaH ttocS etirovaf ruoy htiw lld.23lenrek 1PS s'atsiV gnilbmessasid yb noitamrofni siht dnif nac uoY" gniyas edoc s'emorhC ni tnemmoc a deciton relbmessasid".[021] acinhceT srA" ,gniksa elcitra na dehsilbup ?swodniW reenigne-esrever elgooG diD.desu elgooG taht sIPA detnemucodnu eht fo noissucsid cilbup suoiverp ot derrefer dna atsiV gnilbmessasid deined retal elgooG "[121]

[tide] osla eeS

latrop erawtfos eerF

[tide] secnerefeR

  1. ^ "erahS tekraM resworB10-21-9002 .snoitacilppA teN ." .0=dirpq?xpsa.erahs-tekram-resworb/moc.knilstih.erahstekram//:ptth10-21-9002 deveirteR .. 
  2. ^ "ateb ni snoisnetxe dna xuniL ,caM :syadiloh eht rof emorhC elgooG" .lmth.xunil-cam-syadiloh-rof-emorhc-elgoog/21/9002/moc.topsgolb.golbelgoog//:ptth. 
  3. ^ "snoisnetxE emorhC ateB poT" ./snoisnetxe-emorhc-elgoog-pot/moc.otulphcet.www//:ptth. 
  4. ^ trop xuniL dna edoc ecruos emorhC slievnu elgooGacinhceT srA ,
  5. ^ :morf deveirteR ".muimorhC morf edoc ecruos nepo htiw tliub si emorhC elgooG" detrats-gnitteg/sot-woh/srepoleved/gro.muimorhc.ved//:ptth.
  6. ^ "...sresworb rehto taht epoh desserpxe elgooG ,yadot gnifeirb sserp a gniruD" :morf deveirteR ,trop xuniL dna edoc ecruos emorhC slievnu elgooGacinhceT srA ,
  7. ^ ")noitatnemucoD repoleveD muimorhC( emoH ."noitatnemucoD repoleveD muimorhC9002 .gro.muimorhc.ved . .emoH/gro.muimorhc.ved//:ptth50-50-9002 deveirteR .. 
  8. ^ "...taht os esnecil DSB evissimrep a rednu elbaliava ecruos emorhC eht edam sah elgooG" :morf deveirteR ,trop xuniL dna edoc ecruos emorhC slievnu elgooGacinhceT srA ,
  9. ^ "snoitidnoC dna smreT muimorhC ."edoC elgooG20-90-8002 . .lmth.smret/muimorhc/moc.elgoog.edoc//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  10. ^ " .)11-90-8002( lieN ,retsillAcMkool tsrif A :emorhC elgooG gnidliuB ."noitpecxE lataF)dlroWofnI( .lmth.elgoog_gnidliub/90/8002/sevihcra/noitpecxelataf/moc.dlrowofni.golbew//:ptth61-90-8002 deveirteR ."ngised eulb deudbus a fo rovaf ni sroloc elgooG eht sdehs hcihw ,ogol eht si ecnereffid tnedive ylidaer tsom ehT...secnereffid lausiv ronim yrev wef a ylno htiw ,lacitnedi yltsom si IU ehT .emorhC fo noisrev dehsilop ssel ,rewar a si muimorhC ,stseggus eman eht sA" . 
  11. ^ " .)10-90-8002( duolCcM ttocS!esirpruS ."depocsogolB elgooG .lmth.88451/moc.lanruojevil.duolccms//:ptth10-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  12. ^ " .)10-90-8002( nessneL ppilihPtcejorP resworB s'elgooG ,emorhC elgooG" .lmth.74n-10-90-8002/evihcra/moc.depocsogolb//:ptth10-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  13. ^ " .)10-90-8002( nessneL ppilihPkoob cimoc - emorhC elgooG no elgooG ."depocsogolB elgooG ./emorhc-elgoog/moc.depocsogolb//:ptth10-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  14. ^a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "emorhC elgooG ."hcraeS kooB elgooG10-90-8002 . ./emorhc/skoobelgoog/moc.elgoog.www//:ptth20-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  15. ^a b " .)10-90-8002( suniL ,nospU ;radnuS ,iahciPresworb eht no ekat hserf A ."golB elgooG .lmth.resworb-no-ekat-hserf/90/8002/moc.topsgolb.golbelgoog//:ptth10-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  16. ^ "emorhC elgooG ...fi ton nehw saw tI8002 rebmetpeS ." ./emorhc-elgoog-fi-ton-nehw-saw-ti/20/90/8002/moc.tahwseod.www//:ptth20-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  17. ^ "trela golb-evil dna ,tohsneercs tsriF :etadpu emorhC elgooG ."teNC10-90-8002 . .lmth.2-52003001-901_93971-1038/moc.tenc.swen//:ptth20-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  18. ^ "resworb bew emorhC sehcnual elgooG8002 ,2 rebmetpeS .sserP naidanaC ehT ." .lmth.resworb-elgoog/10/90/8002/yrots/ygolonhcet/ac.cbc.www//:ptth20-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  19. ^ "?caM rof emorhC ...elgooG no emoC8002 rebmevoN ." ./cam-rof-emorhc-elgoog-no-emoc/22/11/8002/moc.tahwseod.www//:ptth22-11-8002 deveirteR .. 
  20. ^ " .)30-10-9002( gnagfloW ,reneurGniaga erahs tekram %1 sessorc emorhC elgooGyliaD GT :)LI( ogacihC ." ./311/57504/weiv/tnetnoc/moc.yliadgt.www//:ptth30-10-9002 deveirteR .. 
  21. ^ "xuniL rof snoitcurtsni dliuB8002 ." .snoitcurtsnIdliuBxuniL/ikiw/muimorhc/p/moc.elgoog.edoc//:ptth71-21-8002 deveirteR .. 
  22. ^ " .)8002 rebmevoN 21( nehpetS ,dnalknahSyledurc ,xuniL no skrow won emorhC s'elgooG" .lmth.2-93949001-901_93971-1038/moc.tenc.swen//:ptth71-21-8002 deveirteR .. 
  23. ^ " .)8002 rebmeceD 21( neevarP ,liyidohtarbmirAxuniL/UNG no emorhC elgooG" ./xunilung-no-emorhc-elgoog/21/21/8002/ni.n4m4v4j.www//:ptth71-21-8002 deveirteR .. 
  24. ^ " .)90-10-9002( nehpetS ,dnalknahSnoitadnuof snoisnetxe ,enildaed caM steg emorhC ."TENC ./noitadnuof-snoisnetxe-enildaed-cam-steg-emorhc/moc.tenc.swen//:ptth31-10-9002 deveirteR .. 
  25. ^ )selif bed.( sdliub xuniL muimorhC
  26. ^ "slennahC esaeleR sseccA ylraE" .lennahc-ved/devlovni-gnitteg/gro.muimorhc.ved//:ptth. 
  27. ^ "elbaliava sdliub xuniL dna caM :regnaD" .lmth.elbaliava-sdliub-xunil-dna-cam-regnad/60/9002/gro.muimorhc.golb//:ptth90-60-9002 deveirteR .. 
  28. ^ KU dlrowcaM - ?samtsirhC yb resworb caM rof emorhC
  29. ^ ")yeldarB ynoT - dlroW CP( caM rof ateB resworB beW emorhC fo esaeleR sraeN elgooG" .lmth.cam_rof_ateb_resworb_bew_emorhc_fo_esaeler_sraen_elgoog/663381/elcitra/retnecssenisub/moc.dlrowcp.www//:ptth03-11-9002 deveirteR .. 
  30. ^ swodniW dna ,caM ,xuniL :etadpU ateB
  31. ^ resworB emorhC elgooG ni esuer edoC
  32. ^a b .reilrae dna 3.0 snoisrev rednu 87 derocs ylsuoiverp emorhC " .)20-90-8002( nosirraH ,namffoHtset 3dicA ni xoferiF ,EI spot emorhCsweN TENC ." .lmth.2-26903001-901_93971-1038/moc.tenc.swen//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  33. ^ tenc - tset 3dicA ni xoferiF ,EI spot emorhC
  34. ^ 611 tnemmoc - emorhc no sliaf 3 tset dicA - 132 eussI :edoC elgooG
  35. ^ 531 tnemmoc - emorhc no sliaf 3 tset dicA - 132 eussI :edoC elgooG
  36. ^ " .)70-70-9002( radnuS ,iahciPSO emorhC elgooG eht gnicudortnI :golB elgooG laiciffO ."golbelgooG.moc.topsgolb .lmth.so-emorhc-elgoog-gnicudortni/70/9002/moc.topsgolb.golbelgoog//:ptth70-80-9002 deveirteR .. 
  37. ^a b golB emorhC elgooG - sresu lla rof emorhC elgooG reideepS A
  38. ^ " .)51-90-9002( ynohtnA ,egrofaLesaeler elbats wen a gnitropS :raey a retfa emorhC elgooG ."golbelgooG.moc.topsgolb .lmth.wen-gnitrops-raey-retfa-emorhc-elgoog/90/9002/moc.topsgolb.golbelgoog//:ptth. 
  39. ^ oediv 5 LMTH troppus ot emorhC elgooG82-50-9002 ,roliaStfoS , ,lmth.7873-7873/swen/moc.roliastfos.www//:ptth11-01-9002 deveirter , 
  40. ^ ,)82-50-9002( dnalknahS nehpetStroppus oediv LMTH steg emorhC elgooGswen tenc , ,lmth.2-85905201-901_93971-1038/moc.tenc.swen//:ptth11-01-9002 deveirter , 
  41. ^ ,)92-70-9002( saoB kraMresworb eht ni oiduA evitaNrotcod 5 lmth , ,/resworb-eht-ni-oidua-evitan/moc.rotcod5lmth//:ptth11-01-9002 deveirter , 
  42. ^ ,)22-90-9002( nosivaD retePemorhC elgooG - segakcaP dnA sresworB beWsllorcS dnegeL , ,emorhcelgoog/sdradnatsbew/ku.oc.sllorcsdnegel.www//:ptth11-01-9002 deveirter , 
  43. ^ /seton-esaeler/lennahc-ved/devlovni-gnitteg/gro.muimorhc.ved//:ptth
  44. ^ )hsilgnE("8v - goLegnahC" .goLegnahC/knurt/esworb/ecruos/8v/p/moc.elgoog.edoc//:ptth. 
  45. ^ serutaeF euqinU s’emorhC elgooG.stohs-neercs htiw ,segnahc ecafretni resu elbisiv tsom eht ,
  46. ^ hceT ssenisuB - irafaS ,EI ,xoferiF staeb emorhC elgooG :tset deepS ,sweN TENC
  47. ^ sresworB - eroM dna ,2 emorhC ,4 irafaS :stseT deepS rekcahefiL ,rekcahefiL
  48. ^ emorhC elgooG fo serutaef euqinU 21ekortShceT ,
  49. ^ sweN TENC ,rab sserdda xoferiF eht fo erutuf ehT .weivretni TENC a ni rab hcraes dna rab sserdda egrem ot snalp secnuonna allizoM ,".devloser eb ot tey sah egrem lliw enigne hcraes beW a morf dna yrotsih gnisworb ruoy morf atad eht woH .eno otni egrem lliw sdleif yrtne owt eht ,dias eh ,yletamitlU"
  50. ^ " .)50-90-8002( craM ,gnuhCdenialpxe ledom ssecorp-semorhc" .lmth.denialpxe-ledom-ssecorp-semorhc/90/8002/moc.gnuhccram.golb//:ptth01-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  51. ^ " .)10-90-8002( elgooGemorhC elgooG" .62/emorhc-elgoog/moc.niarbehtrofsemag.www//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirteR .. [knil daed]
  52. ^ " .maeT emorhC elgooG ehT dna ,sieR selrahC ,noskcaJ nilloC ;madA ,htraBresworB muimorhC eht fo erutcetihcrA ytiruceS ehTyrotarobaL ytiruceS drofnatS .)FDP( " .fdp.erutcetihcra-ytiruces-muimorhc/muimorhc/cesbew/ude.drofnats.otpyrc//:ptth11-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  53. ^ ")ecafretnI gnimmargorP noitacilppA nigulP epacsteN( IPAPN stroppuS emorhCmoc.emorhceraeW ." .0.51=cipot?php.xedni/moc.emorhceraew//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  54. ^a b srepoleved bew rof QAF emorhC elgooG
  55. ^ "emorhC elgooG dna avaJmoc.avaJ ." .psj.emorhc/daolnwod/ne/moc.avaj//:ptth11-21-9002 deveirteR .. 
  56. ^ "edoM otingocnI :serutaeF emorhC elgooG erolpxE20-90-8002 ." .ne=lh&46459=rewsna?yp.rewsna/nib/emorhc/troppus/moc.elgoog.www//:ptth40-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  57. ^ " .)30-90-8002( )moc.sregniFlivE.www - ytinummoC sregniFlivE( gnaraN ihsiRytilibarenluV SoD knil suoicilam 72.941.2.0 resworB emorhC elgooG" .php.lld_emorhc_ni_72.941.2.0_resworB_emorhC_elgooG/yrosivda/moc.sregniflive//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  58. ^ ".niaga dna niagA .emorhC hsarc ot woH30-90-8002 .moc.yliaDGT ." ./801/07193/weiv/tnetnoc/moc.yliadgt.www//:ptth60-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  59. ^ "92.941.2.0 :esaeler ateB80-90-8002 ." .lmth.9294120-esaeler-ateb/90/8002/moc.topsgolb.sesaeleremorhcelgoog//:ptth90-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  60. ^ "eloh resworb hsuh-hsuh sgulp etadpu emorhC42-60-9002 ." ./etadpu_ytiruces_emorhc/42/60/9002/ku.oc.retsigereht.www//:ptth70-70-9002 deveirteR .. 
  61. ^ "etius kramhcneB 8V ."edoc elgooG .lmth.nur/8v/sipa/moc.elgoog.edoc//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  62. ^ " .)20-90-8002( sniwdooG trepuR.wow :yrammuS .skramhcneb tsrif - emorhC elgooG" .mth.00,b7771330002-o93190001,7650000001,0/golb/ku.oc.tendz.ytinummoc//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  63. ^ "skramhcneB tpircsavaJ emorhC elgooG20-90-8002 ." .skramhcneb-tpircsavaj-emorhc-elgoog-717/selcitra/cc.mrj//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  64. ^ " .)20-90-8002( sehguH-yelsgniK nairdA0.3 xoferiF naht retsaf ... tsaf ylenasni si emorhC elgooG" .7052=p?/erawdrah/moc.tendz.sgolb//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  65. ^ " .)20-90-8002( dnalknahS nehpetSemorhC elgooG :tset deepS ."hceT ssenisuB TENC .lmth.29-88803001-3_1001-1038/moc.tenc.swen//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  66. ^ erom dna skramhcneB :emorhC
  67. ^ 7 ,8 rerolpxE tenretnI .sv 6.9 ,01 arepO .sv emorhC elgooG .sv 3 xoferiF .sv 4 irafaS
  68. ^ hceT ssenisuB - tset deeps resworb s'elgooG sretnuoc xoferiF ,sweN TENC
  69. ^ nadnerB ,hciE" .)30-90-8002( etadpU yeknoMecarT" .lmth.etadpu_yeknomecart/90/8002/sevihcra/pamdaor/gro.enizallizom.sgolbew//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  70. ^ sweN - retsaf hcton rehtona ateb emorhC drihTUA redliuB ,
  71. ^ nhoJ ,giseR" .)30-90-8002( nwodnuR ecnamrofreP tpircSavaJ" ./nwodnur-ecnamrofrep-tpircsavaj/golb/gro.nhoje//:ptth90-60-8002 deveirteR .. 
  72. ^ emertxE hsiFlerriuqS gnicudortnI :golb tiKbeW
  73. ^ !dednal sah emertxE hsiFlerriuqS
  74. ^ sweN - emertxE hsiflerriuqS rof ,emorhC ,edisa petSUA redliuB ,
  75. ^ teY enignE tpircSavaJ tsetsaF :emertxE hsiFlerriuqSgro.enitas ,
  76. ^a b " .)30-90-8002( allarG notserPevol ll'uoy serutaef emorhC neddih eerhT" .evol_lluoy_serutaef_emorhc_neddih_eerht/moc.dlrowretupmoc.sgolb//:ptth61-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  77. ^ " .)11-90-8002( nsieR eilrahCerutcetihcrA ssecorp-itluM" .lmth.erutcetihcra-ssecorp-itlum/90/8002/gro.muimorhc.golb//:ptth21-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  78. ^ " .)11-30-8002( relgieZ ydnA)EICL( EI delpuoC-ylesooL dna 8EI" .xpsa.eicl-ei-delpuoc-ylesool-dna-8ei/11/30/8002/evihcra/ei/moc.ndsm.sgolb//:ptth21-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  79. ^ " .)30-90-8002( noitatnemucoD repoleveD muimorhCsledoM ssecorP" .sledom-ssecorp/stnemucod-ngised/srepoleved/gro.muimorhc.ved//:ptth21-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  80. ^ " .)12-90-8002( elgooGkoob emorhC elgooG" .lmth.xedni/emorhc/skoobelgoog/moc.elgoog//:ptth12-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  81. ^ golB elgooG laiciffO - esaeler elbats wen a gnitropS :raey a retfa emorhC elgooG
  82. ^ rekcahefiL - emorhC elgooG - rablooT s'emorhC elgooG ot nottuB kramkooB a ddA
  83. ^ "D3 htiw emorhC elgooG9002 ,1 lirpA .elgooG ." ./eidac/emorhc/gnidnal/ne/ltni/moc.elgoog.www//:ptth62-50-9002 deveirteR .. 
  84. ^".txen ot teg lliw ew sgniht eht fo eno si tI" .yadseuT ereh tneve hcnual emorhC eht ta dias ,tnemeganam tcudorp fo tnediserp eciv elgooG a ,iahciP radnuS ,ecafretni gnimmargorp noitacilppa ro ",IPA noisnetxe na nalp yletinifed ew tub ,yadot ateb eht ni taht evah t'nod eW" .retal tub ,tey toN :snoisnetxe emorhC elgooG retal tub ,tey toN :snoisnetxe emorhC elgooG
  85. ^ edoC elgooG - metsys-nodda na evah ton seod emorhC :tsilhsiW
  86. ^ " .namdooB noraAO/I elgooG ta snoisnetxE" .lmth.oi-elgoog-ta-snoisnetxe/50/9002/gro.muimorhc.golb//:ptth72-50-9002 deveirteR .. 
  87. ^ ffO-ekaT rof ydaeR gnitteG ,yawnuR eht nO :sutatS snoisnetxE
  88. ^ eniL hsiniF eht ot resolC petS enO :snoisnetxE
  89. ^ !snoisnetxe 003 revo htiw ,dehcnual ateb snoisnetxE
  90. ^ emorhC elgooG rof semehT tsitrA :resworb ruoy ot roloc fo hsalps A
  91. ^ yrellaG semehT emorhC elgooG
  92. ^ emeht resworb egnahC :sgnittes cisaBpleH emorhC elgooG
  93. ^ sredivorp ecivres dna emorhC elgooG/muimorhC neewteb snoitacinummoC
  94. ^a b "egapbew norI eraWRS" .php.nori_erawrs_erawtfos/ne/ten.erawrs.www//:ptth21-01-8002 deveirteR .. 
  95. ^ "?sdroWdA ro ciffart cinagrO :rerrefer elgooG ni =zlr&" ./zlr-cinagro-cpp-sdrowda/90/21/8002/moc.noisivoilof//:ptth72-20-9002 deveirteR .. 
  96. ^".desu tsrif erew serutaef niatrec" nehw morf pmatsemit a dna ,pmatsemit llatsni sti ,morf dedaolnwod saw emorhC erehw no noitamrofni ,ot detimil ton tub ,niatnoc ot nwonk si tI
  97. ^a b pleH emorhC elgooG - ZLR dna ,sDI euqinu ,ycavirP : ycavirP lareneG
  98. ^a b c "snrecnoC ycavirP emorhC emoS ot stcaeR elgooG" .lmth.86n-90-90-8002/evihcra/moc.depocsogolb//:ptth42-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  99. ^ " .HbmG tfosslebA ,slebA nevS .rDemorhC elgooG morf DI euqinu eht devomer emorhCnU - emorhC elgooG ezimynonA - emorhCnUten.tfosslebA ." .php.emorhcnu/ten.tfossleba//:ptth70-80-9002 deveirteR .. 
  100. ^ " .)80-10-9002( nosraL kraMslennahC esaeleR emorhC elgooG" .lmth.slennahc-esaeler-emorhc-elgoog/10/9002/gro.muimorhc.golb//:ptth90-10-9002 deveirteR .. 
  101. ^ " .)80-10-9002( nosraL kraMlennahc veD wen a dna ,serutaef wen ,noisrev tiKbeW weN :etadpu veD" .lmth.wen-noisrev-tikbew-wen-etadpu-ved/10/9002/moc.topsgolb.sesaeleremorhcelgoog//:ptth90-10-9002 deveirteR .. 
  102. ^ slortnoC etadpU elgooG gnicnuonna tsop golb elgooG
  103. ^ egap daolnwod enoladnats
  104. ^ emorhC elgooG rof rellatsnI enilffO enoladnatS
  105. ^ "etadpU erawtfoS elgooG ni setadpu gniganaM" egap pleH elgooG
  106. ^ )ooT refaS dna( retsaF si rellamS :golB muimorhC
  107. ^ " .)20-90-8002( wehttaM ,erooMsweiver fo weiveR :resworb emorhC elgooG ."hpargeleT yliaD)puorG aideM hpargeleT( .lmx.301emorhcld/30/90/8002/detcennoc/=lmx?lmthj.niam/detcennoc/ku.oc.hpargelet.www//:ptth40-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  108. ^ resworb emorhC htiw enil tcudorp sehsilop elgooG :sserP detaicossA ehT[knil daed]
  109. ^ eroM & emorhC no sthguohT ,golB s'nhoJ
  110. ^ su llik ot gniyrt ton s'elgooG :allizoM :sweN :orP CP
  111. ^ " .)30-90-8002( kciN ,itaideMresworB beW emorhC elgooG ."dlroW CP .lmth.resworb_bew_emorhc_elgoog/975051/elcitra/moc.dlrowcp.www//:ptth70-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  112. ^ " .)90-90-8002( saihttaM ,renträGemorhC-elgooG uz noitisoP-ISB .)namreG ni( "ytiruceS noitamrofnI rof eciffO laredeF)ytiruceS noitamrofnI rof eciffO laredeF( .mth.emorhc809090/gnudlemzruk/esserp/ed.isb.www//:ptth90-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  113. ^ " .esilE ,namrekcAsetacovda ycavirp ,srepoleved smrala erutaef gnikcart s'resworb elgooGsweN yrucreM ." .98901501_ic/swengnikaerb/moc.swenyrucrem.www//:ptth. 
  114. ^ "xob s'arodnaP eb dluoc xobinmO s'elgooG30-90-8002 ." .txt=gat?lmth.65-16613001-3_06831-1038/moc.tenc.swen//:ptth40-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  115. ^ "tnirp enif s'emorhC daer ot erus eB ."TENC .lmth.2-22503001-901_93971-1038/moc.tenc.swen//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  116. ^ ecivreS fo smreT elgooG
  117. ^ ")hsilgnE( ecivreS fo smreT emorhC elgooG" .ne=lh?lmth.alue/emorhc/moc.elgoog.www//:ptth40-90-8002 deveirteR .. 
  118. ^ snoitcejbO retfA tnemeergA esneciL emorhC sdnemA elgooG ,dlroW CP30-90-8002 , ,lmth.snoitcejbo_retfa_tnemeerga_esnecil_emorhc_sdnema_elgoog/736051/elcitra/retnecssenisub/moc.dlrowcp.www//:ptth30-90-8002 deveirter , 
  119. ^ "ecitoN ycavirP emorhC elgooG" .lmth.ycavirp/ne/ltni/emorhc/moc.elgoog.www//:ptth72-01-9002 deveirteR .. 
  120. ^ " .ttocS ,namlesnaH33 edoC ecruoS ylkeeW ehT" .xpsa.emorhCelgooGedisnIecruoSnepOtfosorciM33edoCecruoSylkeeWehT/golb/moc.namlesnah.www//:ptth70-10-9002 deveirteR .. 
  121. ^ " .)91-90-8002( dnalknahS nehpetSerawtfos atsiV gnilbmessasid seined elgooG ."sweN TENC .lmth.29-59364001-3_1001-1038/moc.tenc.swen//:ptth90-20-9002 deveirteR .. 

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